This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: 00:01:36 1 The two-way speed
00:03:08 2 The one-way speed
00:06:28 3 Synchronization conventions
00:06:58 3.1 Einstein convention
00:08:19 3.2 Slow clock-transport
00:09:47 3.3 Non-standard synchronizations
00:12:09 4 Inertial frames and dynamics
00:14:16 5 Experiments which appear to measure the one-way speed of light
00:14:28 5.1 Experiments which claimed to use a one-way light signal
00:14:39 5.1.1 The Greaves, Rodriguez and Ruiz-Camacho experiment
00:15:40 5.2 Experiments in which light follows a unidirectional path
00:17:19 5.2.1 The JPL experiment
00:17:55 5.2.2 Rømer's measurement
00:18:40 5.2.3 Other experiments comparing Einstein synchronization with slow clock-transport synchronization
00:18:53 6 Experiments that can be done on the one-way speed of light
00:20:20 7 Experiments on two-way and one-way speeds using the Standard-Model Extension
00:24:27 8 Theories in which the one-way speed of light is not equal to the two-way speed
00:24:40 8.1 Theories equivalent to special relativity
00:24:50 8.1.1 Lorentz ether theory
00:26:18 8.1.2 Generalizations of Lorentz transformations with anisotropic one-way speeds
00:33:33 8.2 Theories not equivalent to special relativity
00:33:44 8.2.1 Test theories
00:34:53 8.2.2 Aether theories
00:35:38 8.2.3 Preferred reference frame
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SUMMARY
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When using the term 'the speed of light' it is sometimes necessary to make the distinction between its one-way speed and its two-way speed. The "one-way" speed of light, from a source to a detector, cannot be measured independently of a convention as to how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector. What can however be experimentally measured is the round-trip speed (or "two-way" speed of light) from the source to the detector and back again. Albert Einstein chose a synchronization convention (see Einstein synchronization) that made the one-way speed equal to the two-way speed. The constancy of the one-way speed in any given inertial frame is the basis of his special theory of relativity, although all experimentally verifiable predictions of this theory do not depend on that convention.Experiments that attempted to directly probe the one-way speed of light independent of synchronization have been proposed, but none has succeeded in doing so.
Those experiments directly establish that synchronization with slow clock-transport is equivalent to Einstein synchronization, which is an important feature of special relativity. Though those experiments don't directly establish the isotropy of the one-way speed of light, because it was shown that slow clock-transport, the laws of motion, and the way inertial reference frames are defined, already involve the assumption of isotropic one-way speeds and thus are conventional as well. In general, it was shown that these experiments are consistent with anisotropic one-way light speed as long as the two-way light speed is isotropic.The 'speed of light' in this article refers to the speed of all electromagnetic radiation in vacuum.
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